chapter chapter NN1 1 1 MC1 x x x x x x x x general general NN1 x x x x x x x x x x x x 1 1.1.1 MC . c c 1 c c . c c 1 c c historical historical JJ background background NN1 x x x x x x table table NN1 1 1 MC1 . . . i i MC1 summarizes summarize VVZ some some DD of of IO the the AT main main JJ events event NN2 which which DDQ have have VH0 contributed contribute VVN to to II the the AT creation creation NN1 of of IO a a AT1 new new JJ era era NN1 in in II worldwide worldwide JJ communications communication NN2 . . . it it PPH1 is be VBZ of of IO interest interest NN1 to to TO note note VVI that that CST only only RR 11 11 MC years year NNT2 passed pass VVN between between II the the AT launching launching NN1 of of IO the the AT first first MD artificial artificial JJ satellite satellite NN1 ( ( ( ussr ussr NP1 ' 's GE s c c sputnik sputnik NN1 ) ) ) and and CC the the AT actual actual JJ implementation implementation NN1 of of IO a a AT1 fully fully RR operational operational JJ global global JJ satellite satellite NN1 communications communication NN2 system system NN1 ( ( ( intelsat intelsat-iii NN1 - c c iii c c ) ) ) in in II 1968 1968 MC . . . x x x x x x x x 1 1.1.2 MC . c c 1 c c . c c 2 c c handbook handbook NP1 overview overview NN1 x x x x chapter chapter NN1 1 1 MC1 : : : chapter chapter NN1 1 1 MC1 is be VBZ an an AT1 introductory introductory JJ digest digest NN1 of of IO the the AT handbook handbook NN1 . . . it it PPH1 gives give VVZ the the AT main main JJ definitions definition NN2 and and CC summarizes summarize VVZ the the AT main main JJ characteristics characteristic NN2 of of IO satellite satellite NN1 communications communication NN2 for for IF the the AT fss fss NN1 : : : main main JJ components component NN2 of of IO the the AT systems system NN2 , , , frequency frequency NN1 bands band NN2 , , , types type NN2 of of IO systems system NN2 ( ( ( international international JJ , , , regional regional JJ , , , national national JJ ) ) ) , , , basic basic JJ features feature NN2 , , , range range NN1 of of IO services service NN2 ( ( ( telephony telephony NN1 , , , telegraph telegraph NN1 , , , television television NN1 , , , data data NN transmission transmission NN1 etc etc RA . . . ) ) ) . . . x x x x x x x x x x x x section section NN1 1 1.4 MC . c c 4 c c introduces introduce VVZ the the AT status status NN1 of of IO existing existing JJ satellite satellite NN1 communications communication NN2 systems system NN2 . . . this this DD1 section section NN1 is be VBZ supplemented supplement VVN by by II more more RGR detailed detailed JJ information information NN1 to to TO be be VBI found find VVN in in II annex annex NP1 iii iii MC to to II this this DD1 handbook handbook NN1 . . . x x x x x x x x x x section section NN1 1 1.5 MC . c c 5 c c deals deal NN2 with with IW the the AT various various JJ problems problem NN2 to to TO be be VBI solved solve VVN@ for for IF establishing establish VVG and and CC operating operating NN1 fss fss NNJ telecommunication telecommunication NN1 links link NN2 , , , considering considering CS both both RR regulatory regulatory JJ problems problem NN2 and and CC techno techno-economic JJ - c c economic c c and and CC planning plan VVG problems problem NN2 . . . it it PPH1 is be VBZ , , , of of RR21 course course RR22 , , , only only RR possible possible JJ to to TO give give VVI an an AT1 outline outline NN1 of of IO these these DD2 problems problem NN2 in in II this this DD1 section section NN1 . . . much much DA1 more more DAR information information NN1 on on II regulatory regulatory JJ matters matter NN2 will will VM be be VBI found find VVN in in II chapter chapter NN1 6 6 MC . . . for for IF techno techno-economic JJ - c c economic c c and and CC planning plan VVG studies study NN2 , , , the the AT reader reader NN1 should should VM refer refer VVI to to II the the AT ccitt ccitt NNJ gas gas NN1 8 8 MC handbook handbook NN1 for for IF an an AT1 authoritative authoritative JJ statement statement NN1 on on II the the AT subject subject NN1 . . . x x x x x x x x x x finally finally RR , , , section section NN1 1 1.6 MC . c c 6 c c gives give VVZ references reference NN2 to to II itu itu NNJ publications publication NN2 in in II the the AT field field NN1 . . . x x x x x x x x chapter chapter NN1 2 2 MC : : : chapter chapter NN1 2 2 MC deals deal NN2 with with IW the the AT basic basic JJ technical technical JJ principles principle NN2 of of IO satellite satellite NN1 communications communication NN2 , , , basic basic JJ parameters parameter NN2 of of IO an an AT1 antenna antenna NN1 , , , characteristics characteristic NN2 of of IO space space NN1 transmissions transmission NN2 ( ( ( section section NN1 2 2.1 MC . c c 1 c c ) ) ) , , , link link NN1 budgets budget NN2 , , , quality quality NN1 and and CC availability availability NN1 objectives objective NN2 ( ( ( section section NN1 2 2.2 MC . c c 2 c c ) ) ) . . . examples example NN2 of of IO link link NN1 budget budget NN1 calculations calculation NN2 are be VBR given give VVN in in II annex annex NP1 ii ii MC . . . x x an an AT1 important important JJ factor factor NN1 which which DDQ limits limit VVZ the the AT traffic traffic NN1 capacity capacity NN1 of of IO a a AT1 satellite satellite NN1 transponder transponder NN1 for for IF multiple multiple JJ carrier carrier NN1 operations operation NN2 , , , and and CC which which DDQ has have VHZ to to TO be be VBI accounted account VVN@ for for RP% in in II link link NN1 budget budget NN1 calculations calculation NN2 , , , is be VBZ the the AT interference interference NN1 noise noise NN1 due due II21 to to II22 intermodulation intermodulation NN1 in in II the the AT transmit transmit NN1 amplifier amplifier NN1 of of IO the the AT transponder transponder NN1 ( ( ( usually usually RR a a AT1 travelling travelling-wave JJ - c c wave c c tube tube NN1 ) ) ) . . . the the AT theory theory NN1 and and CC calculation calculation NN1 of of IO the the AT intermodulation intermodulation NN1 products product NN2 is be VBZ the the AT subject subject NN1 of of IO appendix appendix NN1 2 2-i NP1 - c c i c c . . . x x x x x x x x x x the the AT various various JJ types type NN2 of of IO earth earth NN1 coverage coverage NN1 given give VVN by by II satellite satellite NN1 antennas antenna NN2 ( ( ( service service NN1 areas area NN2 ) ) ) , , , the the AT problems problem NN2 of of IO satellite satellite NN1 station station-keeping NN1 - c c keeping c c , , , the the AT frequency frequency NN1 band band NN1 allocations allocation NN2 , , , the the AT concept concept NN1 of of IO frequency frequency NN1 re re-use NN1 - c c use c c and and CC more more RGR general general JJ considerations consideration NN2 about about II the the AT efficient efficient JJ utilization utilization NN1 of of IO the the AT natural natural JJ resources resource NN2 of of IO the the AT geostationary geostationary JJ orbit orbit NN1 and and CC of of IO frequency frequency NN1 spectrum spectrum NN1 , , , are be VBR the the AT subject subject NN1 of of IO section section NN1 2 2.3 MC . c c 3 c c . . . it it PPH1 must must VM be be VBI emphasized emphasize VVN@ that that CST only only RR an an AT1 introductory introductory JJ approach approach NN1 is be VBZ given give VVN here here RL and and CC that that DD1 reference reference NN1 should should VM be be VBI made make VVN to to II the the AT relevant relevant JJ reports report NN2 and and CC recommendations recommendation NN2 of of IO ccir ccir NN1 study study NN1 group group NNJ 4 4 MC for for IF a a AT1 complete complete JJ view view NN1 of of IO this this DD1 important important JJ subject subject NN1 . . . these these DD2 texts text NN2 are be VBR largely largely RR based base VVN on on II the the AT work work NN1 of of IO ccir ccir NN1 interim interim NN1 working working JJ party party NN1 4 4 MC / / CC 1 1 MC1 . . . x x x x x x x x x x section section NN1 2 2.4 MC . c c 4 c c gives give VVZ data data NN on on II overall overall JJ system system NN1 availability availability NN1 . . . x x x x x x x x chapter chapter NN1 3 3 MC : : : chapter chapter NN1 3 3 MC describes describe VVZ the the AT various various JJ technical technical JJ processes process NN2 which which DDQ are be VBR involved involve VVN in in II satellite satellite NN1 communications communication NN2 : : : x x x x x x x x - - - baseband baseband NN1 signal signal NN1 processing processing NN1 ; ; ; x x x x x x x x - - - multiplexing multiplex VVG , , , i.e. i.e. REX combining combine VVG several several DA2 information information-bearing JJ - c c bearing c c signals signal NN2 ( ( ( e.g. e.g. REX telephone telephone NN1 signals signal NN2 ) ) ) to to TO form form VVI a a AT1 complex complex JJ signal signal NN1 to to TO be be VBI transmitted transmit VVN@ on on II a a AT1 single single JJ rf rf NN1 channel channel NN1 . . . this this DD1 can can VM be be VBI done do VDN by by II frequency frequency NN1 division division NNJ multiplexing multiplex VVG ( ( ( fdm fdm NP1@ ) ) ) or or CC by by II time time NNT1 division division NNJ multiplexing multiplex VVG ( ( ( tdm tdm NP1@ ) ) ) . . . the the AT process process NN1 , , , of of RR21 course course RR22 , , , involves involve VVZ a a AT1 reverse reverse JJ operation operation NN1 ( ( ( demultiplexing demultiplexing NN1@ ) ) ) in in II the the AT receiving receiving JJ@ equipment equipment NN1 ; ; ; x x x x x x x x - - - modulation modulation NN1 , , , i.e. i.e. REX converting convert VVG the the AT ( ( ( multiplexed multiplex VVN@ ) ) ) baseband baseband VV0 signal signal NN1 into into II a a AT1 radio radio NN1 signal signal NN1 bearing bear VVG the the AT same same DA information information NN1 . . . frequency frequency NN1 modulation modulation NN1 and and CC phase phase NN1 modulation modulation NN1 are be VBR the the AT most most RG common common JJ techniques technique NN2 used use VVN in in II satellite satellite NN1 communications communication NN2 . . . the the AT reverse reverse JJ operation operation NN1 ( ( ( demodulation demodulation NN1 ) ) ) is be VBZ performed perform VVN in in II the the AT receiver receiver NN1 ; ; ; x x x x x x x x - - - multiple multiple JJ access access NN1 . . . a a AT1 unique unique JJ feature feature NN1 of of IO satellite satellite NN1 communications communication NN2 , , , is be VBZ the the AT process process NN1 by by II which which DDQ several several DA2 earth earth NN1 stations station NN2 can can VM communicate communicate VVI through through II the the AT same same DA satellite satellite NN1 transponder transponder NN1 , , , usually usually RR with with IW permanent permanent JJ assignment assignment NN1 of of IO the the AT transmitted transmitted JJ@ channels channel NN2 ( ( ( pre pre-assigned JJ - c c assigned c c multiple multiple JJ access access NN1 ) ) ) or or CC with with IW varying varying JJ channel channel NN1 assignment assignment NN1 ( ( ( demand demand NN1 assignment assignment NN1 multiple multiple JJ access access NN1 or or CC dama dama NP1 ) ) ) . . . frequency frequency NN1 division division NNJ multiple multiple JJ access access NN1 ( ( ( fdma fdma NP1 ) ) ) with with IW transmission transmission NN1 of of IO multiplexed multiplexed JJ@ signals signal NN2 or or CC of of IO non non-multiplexed JJ - c c multiplexed c c signals signal NN2 ( ( ( single single-channel-per-carrier NNO - c c channel c c - c c per c c - c c carrier c c or or CC scpc scpc NP1 ) ) ) and and CC time time NNT1 division division NNJ multiple multiple JJ access access NN1 ( ( ( tdma tdma NP1 ) ) ) are be VBR the the AT most most RG common common JJ processes process NN2 but but CCB other other JJ techniques technique NN2 such such II21 as as II22 tdma tdma-fdma NP1 - c c fdma c c or or CC cdma cdma NP1 ( ( ( code code NN1 division division NNJ multiple multiple JJ access access NN1 ) ) ) can can VM also also RR be be VBI used use VVN . . . x x due due II21 to to II22 their they APPGE growing growing JJ use use NN1 and and CC to to II the the AT increasing increasing JJ% role role NN1 they they PPHS2 play play VV0 in in II modern modern JJ communications communication NN2 , , , digital digital JJ techniques technique NN2 are be VBR described describe VVN in in II detail detail NN1 . . . appendix appendix NN1 3 3-ii NN1 - c c ii c c is be VBZ devoted devote VVN to to II error error-correcting JJ - c c correcting c c coding coding NN1@ ( ( ( which which DDQ can can VM greatly greatly RR enhance enhance VVI the the AT efficiency efficiency NN1 of of IO digital digital JJ satellite satellite NN1 communications communication NN2 ) ) ) and and CC appendix appendix NN1 3 3-iii NN1 - c c iii c c to to II digital digital JJ processing processing NN1 of of IO tv tv NN1 signals signal NN2 specially specially RR for for IF reducing reduce VVG the the AT transmission transmission NN1 bit bit NN1 rate rate NN1 and and CC subsequent subsequent JJ occupied occupied JJ@ bandwidth bandwidth NN1 , , , e.g. e.g. REX for for IF utilization utilization NN1 in in II teleconferencing teleconference VVG . . . x x x x x x x x chapter chapter NN1 4 4 MC : : : chapter chapter NN1 4 4 MC is be VBZ devoted devote VVN to to II the the AT space space NN1 segment segment NN1 . . . x x x x x x x x x x sections section NN2 4 4.1 MC . c c 1 c c and and CC 4 4.2 MC . c c 2 c c describe describe VV0 the the AT spacecraft spacecraft NN1 sub sub-system NN2 - c c systems c c ( ( ( structure structure NN1 , , , thermal thermal JJ control control NN1 , , , attitude attitude NN1 and and CC orbit orbit NN1 control control NN1 systems system NN2 , , , power power NN1 supply supply NN1 , , , telemetry telemetry NN1 , , , command command NN1 and and CC ranging range VVG system system NN1 , , , apogee apogee NN1 motor motor NN1 ) ) ) and and CC the the AT satellite satellite NN1 communication communication NN1 payload payload NN1 ( ( ( antennas antenna NN2 and and CC transponders transponder NN2 ) ) ) under under II various various JJ possible possible JJ configurations configuration NN2 . . . x x x x x x x x x x section section NN1 4 4.3 MC . c c 3 c c deals deal NN2 with with IW the the AT operations operation NN2 for for IF launching launching NN1 , , , positioning position VVG , , , station station-keeping JJ - c c keeping c c and and CC monitoring monitoring NN1@ of of IO the the AT geostationary geostationary JJ communication communication NN1 satellites satellite NN2 . . . x x x x x x x x x x section section NN1 4 4.4 MC . c c 4 c c gives give VVZ information information NN1 on on II availability availability NN1 and and CC reliability reliability NN1 of of IO the the AT satellite satellite NN1 . . . x x x x x x x x x x section section NN1 4 4.5 MC . c c 5 c c recapitulates recapitulate NN2 , , , by by II tables table NN2 and and CC figures figure NN2 , , , the the AT current current JJ status status NN1 of of IO available available JJ launchers launcher NN2 . . . x x x x x x x x chapter chapter NN1 5 5 MC : : : chapter chapter NN1 5 5 MC deals deal NN2 with with IW the the AT earth earth NN1 segment segment NN1 and and CC is be VBZ the the AT largest large JJT in in II the the AT handbook handbook NN1 , , , this this DD1 is be VBZ because because CS planning plan VVG the the AT earth earth NN1 segment segment NN1 , , , selecting select VVG the the AT general general JJ configurations configuration NN2 , , , sub sub-system NN2 - c c systems c c and and CC equipment equipment NN1 and and CC implementing implement VVG the the AT earth earth NN1 stations station NN2 is be VBZ often often RR the the AT most most RG important important JJ aspect aspect NN1 of of IO the the AT work work NN1 of of IO the the AT personnel personnel NN2 in in II31 charge charge II32 of of II33 satellite satellite NN1 communication communication NN1 systems system NN2 . . . x x section section NN1 5 5.1 MC . c c 1 c c summarizes summarize VVZ the the AT configuration configuration NN1 , , , main main JJ functions function NN2 and and CC sub sub-system NN2 - c c systems c c of of IO the the AT various various JJ types type NN2 of of IO earth earth NN1 stations station NN2 ( ( ( international international JJ , , , regional regional JJ , , , national national JJ - - - including including II small small JJ stations station NN2 ) ) ) . . . this this DD1 is be VBZ complemented complement VVN by by II the the AT tables table NN2 in in II appendix appendix NN1 5 5-i NP1 - c c i c c which which DDQ detail detail VV0@ the the AT characteristics characteristic NN2 of of IO the the AT standard standard JJ stations station NN2 for for IF the the AT intelsat intelsat NNJ and and CC eutelsat eutelsat NN1 systems system NN2 . . . x x x x x x section section NN1 5 5.2 MC . c c 2 c c describes describe VVZ earth earth-station JJ - c c station c c antenna antenna NN1 systems system NN2 : : : main main JJ antenna antenna NN1 parameters parameter NN2 , , , electrical electrical JJ and and CC mechanical mechanical JJ design design NN1 and and CC tracking track VVG systems system NN2 . . . x x x x x x section section NN1 5 5.3 MC . c c 3 c c describes describe VVZ the the AT main main JJ types type NN2 of of IO low low JJ noise noise NN1 amplifiers amplifier NN2 which which DDQ are be VBR used use VVN in in II earth earth-station JJ - c c station c c receiver receiver NN1 sub sub-system NN2 - c c systems c c . . . x x x x x x section section NN1 5 5.4 MC . c c 4 c c describes describe VVZ and and CC compares compare VVZ the the AT various various JJ types type NN2 of of IO high high JJ power power NN1 amplifiers amplifier NN2 ( ( ( hpas hpas NP1 ) ) ) , , , including including II microwave microwave NN1 tubes tube NN2 ( ( ( travelling travell VVG wave wave NN1 tubes tube NN2 and and CC klystrons klystron NN2 ) ) ) and and CC solid solid-state JJ - c c state c c amplifiers amplifier NN2 . . . this this DD1 includes include VVZ a a AT1 description description NN1 of of IO microwave microwave NN1 tube tube NN1 operation operation NN1 , , , of of IO hpa hpa NN1 design design NN1 , , , of of IO non non-linearity JJ - c c linearity c c effects effect NN2 and and CC also also RR of of IO the the AT combiner combiner NN1 systems system NN2 ( ( ( for for IF coupling couple VVG the the AT hpas hpa NN2 to to II the the AT antenna antenna NN1 ) ) ) . . . x x x x x x sections section NN2 5 5.5 MC . c c 5 c c and and CC 5 5.6 MC . c c 6 c c describe describe VV0 communication communication NN1 equipment equipment NN1 : : : up up RP and and CC down down RP converters converter NN2 , , , modulation modulation NN1 and and CC demodulation demodulation NN1 equipment equipment NN1 for for IF analogue analogue NN1 communications communication NN2 ( ( ( frequency frequency NN1 modulation modulation NN1 : : : fdm fdm-fm NN1 - c c fm c c , , , scpc scpc-fm NN1 - c c fm c c , , , tv tv-fm JJ - c c fm c c and and CC single single-sideband JJ - c c sideband c c modulation modulation NN1 ) ) ) , , , signal signal NN1 processing processing NN1 equipment equipment NN1 and and CC modems modem NN2 ( ( ( modulator modulator-demodulator NN2 - c c demodulators c c ) ) ) for for IF digital digital JJ communications communication NN2 . . . x x x x x x sections section NN2 5 5.7 MC . c c 7 c c and and CC 5 5.8 MC . c c 8 c c deal deal NN1 with with IW general general JJ equipment equipment NN1 and and CC basic basic JJ facilities facility NN2 of of IO earth earth-station JJ - c c station c c installations installation NN2 ( ( ( monitoring monitore VVG , , , alarm alarm NN1 and and CC control control NN1 systems system NN2 , , , civil civil JJ works works NN , , , power power NN1 systems system NN2 ) ) ) . . . x x x x x x sections section NN2 5 5.9 MC . c c 9 c c and and CC 5 5.10 MC . c c 10 c c give give VV0 information information NN1 on on II the the AT connection connection NN1 of of IO earth earth NN1 stations station NN2 to to II the the AT terrestrial terrestrial JJ network network NN1 ( ( ( terrestrial terrestrial JJ links link NN2 , , , terrestrial terrestrial JJ interfaces interface NN2 ) ) ) . . . x x x x x x x x chapter chapter NN1 6 6 MC : : : chapter chapter NN1 6 6 MC is be VBZ concerned concerned JJ with with II frequency frequency NN1 sharing share VVG and and CC interference interference NN1 problems problem NN2 : : : radio radio NN1 regulations regulation NN2 provisions provision NN2 and and CC ifrb ifrb NN1 procedures procedure NN2 ( ( ( section section NN1 6 6.1 MC . c c 1 c c ) ) ) coordination coordination NN1 with with IW intelsat intelsat NN1 , , , eutelsat eutelsat NN1 , , , etc etc RA . . . ( ( ( section section NN1 6 6.2 MC . c c 2 c c ) ) ) , , , frequency frequency NN1 sharing share VVG and and CC coordination coordination NN1 between between II the the AT fss fss NNJ networks network NN2 ( ( ( section section NN1 6 6.3 MC . c c 3 c c ) ) ) , , , between between II fss fss NN1 and and CC other other JJ space space NN1 services service NN2 ( ( ( section section NN1 6 6.4 MC . c c 4 c c ) ) ) , , , between between II fss fss NN1 and and CC terrestrial terrestrial JJ service service NN1 ( ( ( section section NN1 6 6.5 MC . c c 5 c c ) ) ) . . . x x x x x x x x x x typical typical JJ examples example NN2 are be VBR given give VVN in in II the the AT appendices appendix NN2 to to II chapter chapter NN1 6 6 MC . . . x x x x x x x x x x it it PPH1 must must VM be be VBI emphasized emphasize VVN@ that that CST this this DD1 chapter chapter NNJ gives give VVZ only only RR an an AT1 introductory introductory JJ summary summary NN1 of of IO the the AT subject subject NN1 . . . the the AT reader reader NN1 should should VM keep keep VVI in in II mind mind NN1 that that CST when when CS dealing deal VVG with with IW actual actual JJ frequency frequency NN1 sharing share VVG , , , interference interference NN1 calculations calculation NN2 and and CC regulatory regulatory JJ problems problem NN2 , , , the the AT concerned concerned JJ administrations administration NN2 and and CC entities entity NN2 , , , and and CC especially especially RR the the AT itu itu NNJ must must VM be be VBI consulted consult VVN@ so so BCL21 as as BCL22 to to TO obtain obtain VV0 the the AT correct correct JJ information information NN1 and and CC documentation documentation NN1 . . . x x x x x x x x chapter chapter NN1 7 7 MC : : : chapter chapter NN1 7 7 MC deals deal NN2 with with IW management management NN problems problem NN2 . . . x x x x x x x x x x information information NN1 on on II the the AT general general JJ management management NN of of IO complete complete JJ satellite satellite NN1 communications communication NN2 networks network NN2 and and CC of of IO an an AT1 international international JJ network network NN1 ( ( ( intelsat intelsat NN1 ) ) ) are be VBR given give VVN in in II section section NN1 7 7.1 MC . c c 1 c c . . . two two MC typical typical JJ examples example NN2 of of IO national national JJ domestic domestic JJ networks network NN2 are be VBR discussed discuss VVN in in II appendices appendix NN2 7 7.1 MC . c c 1 c c ( ( ( canadian canadian JJ ) ) ) and and CC 7 7.2 MC . c c 2 c c ( ( ( french french NP1 telecom telecom NP1 1 1 MC1 ) ) ) . . . x x x x x x x x x x the the AT management management NN of of IO earth earth-station JJ - c c station c c operation operation NN1 is be VBZ treated treat VVN in in II section section NN1 7 7.2 MC . c c 2 c c . . . particular particular JJ attention attention NN1 is be VBZ given give VVN to to II training train VVG problems problem NN2 , , , and and CC an an AT1 example example NN1 of of IO a a AT1 course course NN1 syllabus syllabus NN1 is be VBZ given give VVN in in II appendix appendix NN1 7 7-iii NN1 - c c iii c c . . . x x x x x x x x chapter chapter NN1 8 8 MC : : : chapter chapter NN1 8 8 MC has have VHZ been be VBN prepared prepare VVN as as II an an AT1 attempt attempt NN1 to to TO provide provide VVI the the AT communication communication NN1 planner planner NN1 with with IW a a AT1 presentation presentation NN1 of of IO general general JJ problems problem NN2 that that CST will will VM be be VBI encountered encounter VVN@ in in II the the AT implementation implementation NN1 of of IO the the AT various various JJ types type NN2 of of IO satellite satellite NN1 communication communication NN1 networks network NN2 and and CC , , , in in RR21 particular particular RR22 , , , of of IO some some DD system system NN1 aspects aspect NN2 in in II the the AT design design NN1 of of IO these these DD2 networks network NN2 , , , including including II selection selection NN1 of of IO transmission transmission NN1 characteristics characteristic NN2 ( ( ( multiple multiple JJ access access NN1 , , , modulation modulation NN1 , , , etc etc RA . . . ) ) ) . . . it it PPH1 deals deal VVZ with with IW such such DA problems problem NN2 as as CSA signalling signall VVG and and CC interconnecting interconnect VVG satellite satellite NN1 links link NN2 , , , and and CC especially especially RR digital digital JJ links link NN2 , , , with with IW terrestrial terrestrial JJ networks network NN2 . . . conditions condition NN2 for for IF inserting insert VVG satellite satellite NN1 links link VVZ in in II isdns isdn NN2 are be VBR discussed discuss VVN . . . emphasis emphasis NP1@ has have VHZ also also RR been be VBN put put VVN on on II modern modern JJ concepts concept NN2 of of IO satellite satellite NN1 network network NN1 architectures architecture NN2 , , , utilization utilization NN1 of of IO very very RG small small JJ earth earth NN1 stations station NN2 , , , implementation implementation NN1 of of IO standard standard JJ protocols protocol NN2 for for IF directly directly RR connecting connect VVG users user NN2 to to II satellite satellite NN1 data data NN networks network NN2 , , , etc etc RA . . . finally finally RR , , , problems problem NN2 of of IO interworking interwork VVG between between II distinct distinct JJ satellite satellite NN1 networks network NN2 are be VBR explained explain VVN . . . annexes annex NN2 : : : three three MC annexes annex NN2 which which DDQ are be VBR concerned concerned JJ with with II specialized specialized JJ@ but but CCB important important JJ subjects subject NN2 , , , are be VBR also also RR included include VVN . . . annex annex NP1@ i i NP1@ describes describe VVZ propagation propagation NN1 effects effect NN2 ( ( ( supplementary supplementary JJ losses loss NN2 , , , depolarization depolarization NN1 ) ) ) x x x x x x x x annex annex VV0 ii ii MC this this DD1 is be VBZ a a AT1 supplement supplement NN1 to to II chapter chapter NN1 2 2 MC and and CC it it PPH1 gives give VVZ typical typical JJ examples example NN2 of of IO link link NN1 budget budget NN1 x x x x calculations calculation NN2 ( ( ( for for IF tdma tdma NP1 , , , fdma fdma NP1 and and CC low low-capacity JJ - c c capacity c c systems system NN2 ) ) ) x x x x x x x x annex annex VV0 iii iii MC this this DD1 is be VBZ a a AT1 supplement supplement NN1 to to II chapter chapter NN1 1 1 MC1 and and CC provides provide VVZ information information NN1 about about II the the AT technical technical JJ characteristics characteristic NN2 of of IO existing existing JJ satellite satellite NN1 networks network NN2 of of IO international international JJ and and CC national national JJ organizations organization NN2 . . . x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x table table NN1 1 1 MC1 . . . i i PPIS1 - - - satellite satellite JJ communications communication NN2 historical historical JJ background background NN1 x x x x x x x x 1 1 MC1 929 929 MC : : : the the AT problem problem NN1 of of IO space space NN1 flight flight NN1 . . . the the AT rocket rocket NN1 engine engine NN1 , , , by by II hermann hermann NP1 noordung noordung NP1 , , , describes describe VVZ the the AT concept concept NN1 of of IO the the AT geostationary geostationary JJ orbit orbit NN1 . . . x x x x x x x x 1945 1945 MC ( ( ( may may NP1 ) ) ) : : : in in II a a AT1 visionary visionary JJ paper paper NN1 , , , arthur arthur NP1 c c NP1@ . . . clarke clarke NN1 , , , the the AT well well-known JJ - c c known c c physicist physicist NN1 and and CC author author NN1 , , , describes describe VVZ a a AT1 world world NN1 communications communication NN2 and and CC broadcasting broadcasting NN1 system system NN1 based base VVN on on II geosynchronous geosynchronous JJ space space NN1 stations station NN2 . . . x x x x x x x x 1957 1957 MC ( ( ( oct oct.4 FO . c c 4 c c ) ) ) : : : launching launching NN1 of of IO the the AT sputnik sputnik-1 MC1 - c c 1 c c artificial artificial JJ satellite satellite NN1 ( ( ( ussr ussr NP1 ) ) ) and and CC detection detection NN1 of of IO the the AT first first MD satellite satellite-transmitted JJ - c c transmitted c c radio radio NN1 signals signal NN2 . . . x x x x x x x x 1959 1959 MC ( ( ( march march NP1 ) ) ) : : : pierce pierce NP1 ' 's GE s c c basic basic JJ paper paper NN1 on on II satellite satellite NN1 communication communication NN1 possibilities possibility NN2 . . . x x x x x x x x 1960 1960 MC ( ( ( aug aug NPM1 . . . ) ) ) : : : launching launching NN1 of of IO the the AT echo echo-1 MC1 - c c 1 c c balloon balloon NN1 satellite satellite NN1 ( ( ( usa usa NP1 / / CC nasa nasa NP1 ) ) ) . . . earth earth-station NN1 - c c station c c to to II earth earth-station JJ - c c station c c passive passive JJ relaying relaying NN1@ of of IO telephone telephone NN1 and and CC television television NN1 signals signal NN2 at at II 1 1 MC1 and and CC 2 2.5 MC . c c 5 c c ghz ghz NP1 by by II reflection reflection NN1 on on II the the AT metallized metallized JJ@ surface surface NN1 of of IO this this DD1 30 30 MC m m NNU@ balloon balloon NN1 placed place VVN in in II a a AT1 circular circular JJ orbit orbit NN1 at at II 1 1 MC1 600 600 MC km km NNU altitude altitude NN1 . . . x x x x x x x x 1960 1960 MC ( ( ( oct oct NPM1 . . . ) ) ) : : : first first MD experiment experiment NN1 of of IO active active JJ relaying relaying JJ@ communications communication NN2 using use VVG a a AT1 space space-borne JJ - c c borne c c amplifier amplifier NN1 at at II 2 2 MC ghz ghz NP1 ( ( ( delayed delay VVD relaying relay VVG communications communication NN2 ) ) ) by by II the the AT courier courier-1 MC1 - c c 1 c c b b ZZ1 satellite satellite NN1 ( ( ( usa usa NP1 ) ) ) at at II about about II 1 1 MC1 000 000 MC km km NNU altitude altitude NN1 . . . x x x x x x x x 1962 1962 MC : : : foundation foundation NN1 of of IO the the AT comsat comsat NNJ corporation corporation NNJ ( ( ( usa usa NP1 ) ) ) , , , the the AT first first MD company company NN1 specifically specifically RR devoted devote VVN to to II domestic domestic JJ and and CC international international JJ satellite satellite NN1 communications communication NN2 . . . x x x x x x x x 1962 1962 MC : : : launching launching NN1 of of IO the the AT telstar telstar-1 MC1 - c c 1 c c satellite satellite NN1 ( ( ( usa usa NP1 / / CC at at II & & CC t t ZZ1 ) ) ) ( ( ( july july NPM1 ) ) ) and and CC of of IO the the AT relay relay-1 MC1 - c c 1 c c satellite satellite NN1 ( ( ( usa usa NP1 / / CC nasa nasa NP1 ) ) ) ( ( ( december december NPM1 ) ) ) . . . both both DB2 were be VBDR non non-geostationary JJ - c c geostationary c c , , , low low-altitude JJ - c c altitude c c satellites satellite NN2 operating operate VVG in in II the the AT 6 6 MC / / CC 4 4 MC ghz ghz NP1 bands band NN2 . . . x x x x x x x x 1962 1962 MC : : : first first MD experimental experimental JJ transatlantic transatlantic JJ communications communication NN2 ( ( ( television television NN1 and and CC multiplexed multiplexed JJ@ telephony telephony NN1 ) ) ) between between II the the AT first first MD large large-scale NN1@ - c c scale c c , , , pre pre-operational JJ - c c operational c c earth earth NN1 stations station NN2 ( ( ( andover andover NP1 , , , maine maine NP1 , , , usa usa NP1 , , , pleumeur pleumeur-bodou NP1 - c c bodou c c , , , france france NP1 and and CC goonhilly goonhilly NP1 , , , uk uk NP ) ) ) . . . x x x x x x x x 1963 1963 MC : : : first first MD international international JJ regulations regulation NN2 of of IO satellite satellite NN1 communications communication NN2 ( ( ( itu itu NNJ extraordinary extraordinary JJ radio radio NN1 conference conference NNJ ) ) ) . . . initiation initiation NN1 of of IO sharing share VVG between between II space space NN1 and and CC terrestrial terrestrial JJ services service NN2 . . . x x x x x x x x 1963 1963 MC ( ( ( july july NPM1 ) ) ) : : : launching launching NN1 of of IO syncom syncom-2 NN1 - c c 2 c c ( ( ( usa usa NP1 / / CC nasa nasa NP1 ) ) ) , , , the the AT first first MD geostationary geostationary JJ satellite satellite NN1 ( ( ( 300 300 MC telephone telephone NN1 circuits circuit NN2 or or CC 1 1 MC1 tv tv NN1 channel channel NN1 ) ) ) . . . x x x x x x x x 1964 1964 MC ( ( ( aug aug NPM1 . . . ) ) ) : : : establishment establishment NN of of IO the the AT intelsat intelsat NNJ organization organization NNJ ( ( ( 19 19 MC national national JJ administrations administration NNJ2 as as RG initial initial JJ signatories signatory NN2 ) ) ) . . . x x x x x x x x 1964 1964 MC : : : tv tv NN1 transmission transmission NN1 of of IO the the AT tokyo tokyo NP1 olympic olympic JJ games game NN2 . . . x x x x x x x x 1965 1965 MC ( ( ( april april NP1 ) ) ) : : : launching launching NN1 of of IO the the AT early early JJ bird bird NP1 ( ( ( intelsat intelsat-i NP1 - c c i c c ) ) ) satellite satellite NN1 , , , first first MD commercial commercial JJ geostationary geostationary JJ communication communication NN1 satellite satellite NN1 ( ( ( 240 240 MC telephone telephone NN1 circuits circuit NN2 or or CC 1 1 MC1 tv tv NN1 channel channel NN1 ) ) ) . . . first first MD operational operational JJ communications communication NN2 ( ( ( usa usa NP1 , , , france france NP1 , , , germany germany NP1 ( ( ( federal federal JJ republic republic NN1 of of IO ) ) ) , , , uk uk NP ) ) ) . . . x x x x x x x x x x x x 1965 1965 MC : : : launching launching NN1 of of IO molnya molnya-1 MC1 - c c 1 c c ( ( ( ussr ussr NP1 ) ) ) , , , a a AT1 non non-geostationary JJ - c c geostationary c c ( ( ( elliptical elliptical JJ orbit orbit NN1 , , , 12 12 MC hours hour NNT2 revolution revolution NN1 ) ) ) satellite satellite NN1 . . . beginning beginning NN1 of of IO television television NN1 transmission transmission NN1 to to II small small JJ size size NN1 receive receive VV0 earth earth NN1 stations station NN2 in in II ussr ussr NP1 ( ( ( 29 29 MC molnya molnya NP1 were be VBDR launched launch VVN@ between between II 1965 1965 MC and and CC 1975 1975 MC ) ) ) . . . x x x x x x x x 1965 1965 MC ( ( ( june june NP1 ) ) ) : : : first first MD use use NN1 of of IO a a AT1 satellite satellite NN1 ( ( ( early early RR bird bird NP1 ) ) ) to to TO restore restore VVI undersea undersea NN1 cable cable NN1 circuits circuit NN2 . . . since since CS that that DD1 time time NNT1 a a AT1 routine routine JJ@ procedure procedure NN1 . . . x x x x x x x x 1967 1967 MC : : : intelsat intelsat-ii JJ - c c ii c c satellites satellite NN2 ( ( ( 240 240 MC telephone telephone NN1 circuits circuit NN2 in in II multiple multiple JJ access access NN1 mode mode NN1 or or CC 1 1 MC1 tv tv NN1 channel channel NN1 ) ) ) . . . operational operational JJ satellite satellite NN1 communications communication NN2 in in II both both DB2 atlantic atlantic JJ and and CC pacific pacific NP1 ocean ocean NP1 regions regions NP1 . . . x x x x x x x x 1967 1967 MC : : : comsat comsat NN1 laboratories laboratory NN2 established establish VVN . . . first first MD research research NN1 and and CC development development NN1 facility facility NN1 devoted devote VVD entirely entirely RR to to II satellite satellite NN1 communications communication NN2 . . . x x x x x x x x 1968 1968-70 MC-MC - c c 70 c c : : : intelsat intelsat-iii NN1 - c c iii c c ( ( ( 1 1 MC1 500 500 MC telephone telephone NN1 circuits circuit NN2 , , , 4 4 MC tv tv NN1 channels channel NN2 or or CC combinations combination NN2 thereof thereof RR ) ) ) . . . intelsat intelsat NNJ worldwide worldwide JJ operation operation NN1 . . . x x x x x x x x 1969 1969 MC : : : launch launch NN1 of of IO ats ats-5 NN1 - c c 5 c c ( ( ( usa usa NP1 / / CC nasa nasa NP1 ) ) ) . . . first first MD geosynchronous geosynchronous JJ satellite satellite NN1 with with IW a a AT1 k k-band NN1 - c c band c c ( ( ( 15 15.3 MC . c c 3 c c and and CC 31 31.6 MC . c c 6 c c ghz ghz NP1 ) ) ) propagation propagation NN1 experiment experiment NN1 . . . x x x x x x x x 1971 1971 MC : : : itu itu NN1 world world NN1 administrative administrative JJ radio radio NN1 conference conference NNJ for for IF space space NN1 telecommunications telecommunication NN2 . . . x x x x x x x x 1971 1971 MC ( ( ( jan jan NP1 . . . ) ) ) : : : first first MD intelsat intelsat-iv JJ - c c iv c c satellite satellite NN1 ( ( ( 4 4 MC 000 000 MC circuits circuit NN2 + + II 2 2 MC television television NN1 channels channel NN2 ) ) ) . . . x x x x x x x x 1971 1971 MC ( ( ( nov nov NPM1 . . . ) ) ) : : : establishment establishment NN of of IO the the AT intersputnik intersputnik NNJ organization organization NNJ ( ( ( ussr ussr NP1 and and CC 9 9 MC initial initial JJ signatories signatory NN2 ) ) ) . . . x x x x x x x x 1972 1972 MC ( ( ( nov nov NPM1 . . . ) ) ) : : : launching launching NN1 of of IO the the AT anik anik-1 MC1 - c c 1 c c satellite satellite NN1 and and CC first first MD implementation implementation NN1 of of IO a a AT1 national national JJ ( ( ( domestic domestic JJ ) ) ) satellite satellite NN1 communications communication NN2 system system NN1 outside outside II the the AT ussr ussr NP1 ( ( ( canada canada NP1 / / CC telesat telesat NN1 ) ) ) . . . x x x x x x x x 1974 1974 MC ( ( ( april april NP1 ) ) ) : : : launching launching NN1 of of IO the the AT westar westar-1 MC1 - c c 1 c c satellite satellite NN1 . . . beginning beginning NN1 of of IO national national JJ satellite satellite NN1 communications communication NN2 operation operation NN1 in in II the the AT usa usa NP1 . . . x x x x x x x x 1974 1974 MC ( ( ( may may NP1 ) ) ) : : : launching launching NN1 of of IO ats ats-6 NN1 - c c 6 c c ( ( ( usa usa NP1 / / CC nasa nasa NP1 ) ) ) , , , first first MD experimental experimental JJ high high-power NN1 - c c power c c , , , multi multi-purpose NN1 - c c purpose c c , , , satellite satellite NN1 . . . x x x x x x x x 1974 1974 MC ( ( ( july july NPM1 ) ) ) : : : beginning beginning NN1 of of IO operation operation NN1 of of IO the the AT brazilian brazilian JJ domestic domestic JJ satellite satellite NN1 system system NN1 ( ( ( 4 4 MC earth earth NN1 stations station NN2 ) ) ) with with IW an an AT1 intelsat intelsat NN1 transponder transponder NN1 . . . x x x x x x x x 1974 1974 MC ( ( ( dec dec NPM1 . . . ) ) ) : : : launching launching NN1 of of IO the the AT symphonie symphonie-1 MC1 - c c 1 c c satellite satellite NN1 ( ( ( france france-germany NP1 - c c germany c c ( ( ( federal federal JJ republic republic NN1 of of IO ) ) ) ) ) ) the the AT first first MD three three-axis NN1 - c c axis c c stabilized stabilize VVD geostationary geostationary JJ communications communication NN2 satellite satellite NN1 . . . x x x x x x x x 1974 1974 MC : : : establishment establishment NN of of IO spade spade NN1 service service NN1 in in II intelsat intelsat NN1 ( ( ( first first MD digital digital JJ and and CC demand demand-assigned JJ - c c assigned c c space space NN1 communications communication NN2 service service NN1 ) ) ) . . . x x x x x x x x 1974 1974 MC ( ( ( dec dec NPM1 . . . ) ) ) : : : establishment establishment NN of of IO hot hot-line JJ - c c line c c communication communication NN1 between between II washington washington NP1 and and CC moscow moscow NP1 over over II intelsat intelsat NN1 and and CC molnya molnya NP1 satellites satellite NN2 . . .