Table of contents
List of contributors xxi
Abbreviations used in glosses xxiii
Preface xxv
Chapter 1
Introduction: Nominal features and nominal projections 1
Carmen Dobrovie-Sorin & Ion Giurgea (§§1–5), Donka Farkas (§6)
- Nominal features 2
- General observations and terminology 2
- Gender 6
- Number: Count and mass nouns 9
- Case 11
- Pronouns and the person feature 14
- Determiners and other nominal functional categories 17
- Adnominal constituents 20
- Complements and modifiers 21
- Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers, appositions 26
- Focal particles 28
- Distribution and syntactic functions of nominal projections 29
- Functions and distribution of DPs 29
- Functions and distribution of NPs 31
- The semantics of determiners and determiner phrases 32
- Types of DPs 32
- Theoretical perspectives 35
- Predicate calculus without and with restricted variables 35
- The relational analysis of determiners 38
- Montagovian approaches 39
- Dynamic approaches 44
Chapter 2
Bare nouns 49
Carmen Dobrovie-Sorin
- Introduction 49
- The distribution of bare nouns 49
- The syntactic structure of bare nouns 51
- The semantics of bare nouns: lack of article and domain of reference 52
- Bare plurals and bare mass nouns in argument positions 53
- Morphological case is incompatible with bare nouns 53
- The preverbal subject position 54
- Semantic constraints on BNs in argument positions 59
- Bare nouns and types of predicates 59
- VP-level existential closure 60
- Existential vs. presuppositional predicates 61
- Scope 62
- Anaphoric peculiarities 64
- Aspectual peculiarities 66
- Count bare singulars in argument positions 68
- Classes of verbs 68
- Further lexical constraints 70
- Bare singulars in subject positions 71
- Bare singulars after prepositions 72
- The semantic analysis of bare singulars 73
- Bare singulars as property-denoting expressions 73
- Incorporating predicates 73
- Narrow scope with respect to negation 74
- Bare nouns in adnominal positions 76
- Bare abstract nouns in argument positions 77
- Bare singulars in predicate positions. A comparison with singular indefinites 79
- Classes of nouns 79
- The internal make-up of bare singulars and singular indefinites 81
- Arguments of DP-internal nouns and arguments of bare nouns 81
- Prepositional and adverbial adjuncts 83
- Modifiers and arguments of bare singulars 85
- Two types of copular sentences 86
- Predicational sentences 87
- Identificational-specificational sentences 90
- Metaphoric uses of singular indefinites 92
- Conclusions 93
- Bare nouns in impersonal constructions 93
Chapter 3
The syntax of determiners and other functional categories 97
Ion Giurgea
- Introduction: Nominal functional categories 97
- Distributional classes 104
- Noun ellipsis, pro-N and pro-DP 110
- Nominal functional elements that do not allow N-ellipsis 110
- Nominal functional elements that allow N-ellipsis 111
- Pro-DPs (pronouns) 116
- Indefinite pronouns 117
- Personal pronouns 119
- Note on the existence of a person feature in certain DPs 123
- The ‘genitival and ordinal article’ al 124
- Nominal ellipsis in bare nouns 125
- Phrasal functional categories and the issue of partitive PPs 128
- Phrasal functional categories 128
- Partitive PPs 130
- Quantitatives 133
- Scalar quantitatives 134
- Cardinals 136
- Nominalized cardinals and nouns functioning as quantitative expressions 139
- Nominalized cardinals 139
- Vague quantity nouns 141
- Fractional numerals 143
- Names of numbers 143
- Quantity expressions that always occupy the D layer (D-quantitatives) 143
- Quantity expressions in predicative positions 144
- Note on the word un ‘a, one’ 145
- Common properties of quantitatives and some indefinite determiners 146
- Sensitivity to number 146
- Left-dislocation 146
- Approximation modifiers 149
- Conclusion 150
- The alternative and the identity determiner 150
- The alternative 150
- The identity determiner 153
- Complements of equality and difference 154
- Definite determiners 157
- The definite article 157
- Demonstratives 160
- Definite phrases in SpecDP 163
- Pre-determiners 169
- The system of complex determiners, pro-DPs and pro-adverbials 173
Chapter 4
The semantics of determiners 175
Donka F. Farkas
- Introduction 175
- Definite determiners 178
- Definite vs. indefinite DPs 178
- The definite determiner -ul 180
- Demonstrative determiners 188
- Conclusion 191
- Indefinite determiners 191
- Unmarked indefinite determiners 192
- Scopal freedom 194
- Specific and non-specific indefinites DPs and ways of marking them 205
- Generic indefinites 209
- Marked indefinite determiners 212
- Partitive DPs and partitive determiners 212
- Dependent indefinites: The co-varying determiner câte un 216
- The negative indefinite determiner niciun 217
- Free choice: Vreun and ori- determiners 219
- Identifiable indefinites: Un anume 227
- Conclusion 229
- Conclusion 229
Chapter 5
Pronouns 231
Sanda Rîpeanu Reinheimer, Liliane Tasmowski & Andra Vasilescu (§§1.1–1.7), Ion Giurgea (§§1.8.1–1.8.5, §4), Andra Vasilescu (§1.8.6), Rodica Zafiu (§§2–3)
- Personal and reflexive pronouns 231
- Introduction 231
- Grammatical features and paradigm 231
- The feature composition of personal pronouns 231
- The forms 233
- Syntactic differences between strong and clitic forms 234
- Strong Pronouns 238
- The grammatical functions of clitic pronouns 243
- Common grammatical functions of clitic and strong pronouns 243
- Grammatical functions restricted to clitics 244
- The clitic doubling of strong pronouns 245
- Pronominal clitics vs. inflection 247
- Overt and null subject pronouns 248
- The structure of clitic clusters 250
- Linear orders inside the verbal cluster 250
- Constraints on the verbal host 254
- Pronominal clitic clusters 256
- The order of co-occurring dative and accusative clitics 256
- Ethical datives co-occurring with other pronominal clitics 257
- Person constraints 258
- Clitic allomorphs 260
- The forms 260
- The selection of allomorphs 262
- The clitic o 266
- Verb allomorphs 267
- The semantics of personal and reflexive pronouns 268
- Co-reference 268
- The bound variable interpretation 270
- The interpretation of gender 273
- Pronouns of laziness 276
- Genderless pronouns 278
- Special (pragmatic) interpretations of some pronominal forms 280
- Generic uses 280
- Person deviations 280
- Politeness pronouns 282
- Introduction 282
- Morphology 283
- Syntactic properties: Doubling clitics and agreement 284
- The use of politeness forms 286
- The pronominal intensifier însuşi 287
- Morphology 287
- Syntactic properties 288
- The intensifier use 291
- The reflexive use 292
- Reciprocal constructions 294
- Introduction 294
- Reciprocal marking 296
- Clitics 296
- Strong reciprocal anaphors 297
- Locality constraints and positions of the antecedent 300
- Reciprocal marking and symmetric predicates 303
- The semantics of reciprocal constructions 306
- Strong vs. weak reciprocity 306
- Individual vs. group readings 307
- Special reading with ordering predicates 308
Chapter 6
Genitive DPs and pronominal possessors 309
Carmen Dobrovie-Sorin (§§1–4), Carmen Dobrovie-Sorin & Isabela Nedelcu (§5), Carmen Dobrovie-Sorin & Ion Giurgea (§6)
- Introduction 309
- The syntax of genitives 311
- Synthetic genitives and al-genitives 311
- Synthetic genitives following definite nouns are disguised al-genitives 314
- Free-standing genitive DPs 317
- Prenominal genitives 319
- The syntactic position of postnominal genitives 321
- The status of the genitive “article” al occurring in postnominal genitives 322
- Co-occurring genitives 324
- Conclusions: types of genitives, types of nominal projections and determiners 326
- The interpretation of genitives 327
- The semantic composition 327
- (In)definiteness spread 330
- Interpretive variability 331
- Mutual constraints between the determiners of genitives and the head N 332
- The interpretation of genitives in predicate positions 333
- Genitive Case alternating with prepositional marking 334
- Genitive Case alternating with de-marking 334
- Genitive Case alternating with a-marking 338
- De-al genitives 339
- The structure of de-al genitives 339
- The interpretation of de-al genitives 341
- Other distributional properties of de-al genitives 343
- Partitive de-ai 344
- Unul + de + plural al- phrase 344
- Elliptical constructions 345
- Pronominal possessors 347
- A non-uniform paradigm: Genitive-marked and agreeing pronominal possessors 347
- The position of pronominal possessors 349
- On the categorial status of agreeing possessors 351
- Suffixal agreeing possessors with kinship terms 352
Chapter 7
The adjective 355
Alexandra Cornilescu & Ion Giurgea (§§1–4), Ion Giurgea (§5)
- Introduction. The adjective compared to the other lexical categories 355
- Adjectives and nouns. The nominalization of adjectives 356
- Adjectives and verbs 360
- The external argument of adjectives 360
- Semantic correlates of the adjective/verb distinction. The aspectual properties of adjectives 361
- Verbal forms with adjectival distribution. Participles vs. adjectives. 362
- Adjectives and adverbs 365
- Classes of adjectives 366
- Distributional classes 366
- Intersective and non-intersective adjectives 367
- Quality adjectives 369
- General properties 369
- Quality adjectives with a qua-N reading 370
- Non-intersective adjectives 372
- Two types of non-intersective adjectives: Relational and intensional adjectives 372
- Relational adjectives 375
- Non-relational denominal adjectives 383
- Intensional adjectives 385
- Adjective placement inside the DP 387
- Prenominal vs. postnominal adjectives 387
- Classes of prenominal adjectives 388
- Non-restrictive (appositive) vs. restrictive 391
- Conclusion. Prenominal adjectives compared with postnominal adjectives 398
- Formal constraints on the position of adjectives 399
- Relative order of stacked adjectives 400
- The double definiteness construction 407
- Gradation. Degree expressions, degrees of comparison 411
- Gradability. Degrees and scales 411
- Antonymic pairs and measure phrases 414
- Types of gradable adjectives depending on the structure of the scales 417
- Relative vs. absolute adjectives 417
- Absolute adjectives and the structure of the scale 419
- Distributive adjectives and perfect ‘perfectly’ vs. complet ‘completely’ 423
- Scalar properties of deverbal adjectives 425
- The syntax of the degree phrase 428
- Degree heads 428
- The de - construction 429
- Constructions with puţin and mult 436
- Other constituents licensed by degree words 438
- Degree heads in non-adjectival environments 441
- The comparative of superiority 444
- The comparative complement 445
- The differential 450
- Other elements that can modify mai 452
- Comparative correlatives 453
- The comparative of inferiority 456
- The comparative of equality (the equative) and other constructions with atât and aşa 457
- La fel 457
- Atât and aşa in equatives 459
- Other degree constructions with atât and aşa 462
- On the semantics of equatives. The internal reading of equatives 463
- Equatives without a degree word 465
- Comparing different properties 466
- The interpretations 466
- The comparative of superiority 468
- The comparative of equality 469
- The superlative 470
- The morpho-syntax of the superlative 470
- The semantics of the superlative 474
- The superlative of mult 478
- On the semantics of other degree words 480
- The complementation of adjectives 482
- Dative complements 484
- Prepositional complements 488
- The preposition cu 488
- The preposition cu with symmetric predicates 488
- The preposition cu with interpersonal behavior predicates and as a comitative adjunct 490
- Other uses 491
- The preposition de 491
- The preposition la 494
- The preposition în 495
- The preposition pe 496
- The preposition pentru 496
- The complex preposition faţă de 497
- Other prepositions 497
- Inherent accusative with the adjective dator 498
- Clausal arguments 499
- Introduction 499
- Finite clauses 501
- Object clauses 501
- Subject clauses 509
- Infinitival clauses 513
- Infinitival vs. finite clauses 513
- Introductory elements 515
- The subject of the infinitive 517
- Supine clauses 518
- Object clauses 519
- Subject clauses 523
- The tough-construction 524
Chapter 8
Adnominal prepositional phrases 531
Alexandru Mardale (§§1.1–1.2, §2.2.2, §3), Carmen Dobrovie-Sorin, Ion Giurgea & Alexandru Mardale (§1.3), Ion Giurgea & Alexandru Mardale (§2.1, §2.2.1)
- General properties of Romanian prepositions 531
- Lexical prepositions and functional prepositions 531
- Prepositions and case 533
- Lexical prepositions selecting the accusative 534
- Lexical prepositions selecting the genitive or the dative 534
- Functional prepositions as case markers 535
- Prepositions and the definite article 536
- Adnominal prepositional phrases headed by lexical prepositions 540
- Subcategorised lexical prepositions 541
- Lexical prepositions subcategorised by event-referring nouns 541
- Lexical prepositions selected by relational nouns 544
- Non-subcategorised lexical prepositions 548
- Local and temporal adjuncts 549
- Other PP adjuncts 554
- Adnominal prepositional phrases with functional prepositions 557
- Types of functional prepositions 557
- Adnominal bare NPs with the functional preposition de 558
- Types of adnominal bare NPs 558
- Idiomatic N-de-NP sequences 563
Chapter 9
Adnominal non-finite constituents and complement clauses 565
Elena Soare (§§1–2, 3.1–3.4), Rodica Zafiu & Elena Soare (§3.5)
- Introduction 565
- Finite and non-finite complements 567
- Infinitival and finite complement clauses 567
- Types of nouns selecting sentential complements 567
- Complement denotation and Mood selection 569
- Interpreting null subjects of infinitives 576
- Supines in subcategorized PPs 580
- Non-finite modifiers 583
- Distinguishing between supine reduced relatives and prepositional modifiers 583
- Supine prepositional modifiers 586
- The structure of supine reduced relatives 587
- Infinitive adnominal modifiers 589
- Gerund adnominal modifiers 590
- Identifying adnominal gerunds 591
- Non-finite restrictive vs. appositive relatives 593
- Semantic-aspectual constraints 594
Chapter 10
Relative Clause Constructions and unbounded dependencies 597
Alexander Grosu
- Terminological preliminaries 597
- Semantic types 598
- Restrictives and appositives 598
- Singleton relatives 609
- Intersective singleton relatives 609
- Relativization from an existential context 610
- Relativization from a degree context 615
- Relativization with non-grammatically imposed restrictions on determiners 617
- Non-intersective singleton relatives 620
- Conclusion 622
- Syntactic types 623
- Externally headed Relative Clause Constructions 623
- Free relative clause constructions 624
- Nominal and non-nominal relative clause constructions 629
- Introductory elements 632
- Relative pronouns vs. complementizers 632
- Distinctions in the nature and size of ‘relative phrases’ 634
- Simplex relative phrases 634
- Complex relative phrases (Pied Piping) 639
- Pied Piping in externally-headed Relative Clause Constructions 640
- Pied Piping and Case/P ‘matching’ in Free Relative Clause Constructions 644
- Possible gap locations 651
- Non-indicative Relative Clause Constructions 656
- Core Relative Clause Constructions 656
- Non-core existential Relative Clause Constructions 657
Chapter 11
Deverbal nouns 663
Alexandra Cornilescu §§2.2–2.5, Alexandra Cornilescu, Carmen Dobrovie-Sorin & Ion Giurgea §§1, 2.1, 3, Alexandra Cornilescu, Elena Soare, Carmen Dobrovie-Sorin & Ion Giurgea §4, Camelia Stan & Ion Giurgea §5
- 1. Introduction: Deverbal nouns and their argument structure 663
- 1.1 The morphology of deverbal nouns 664
- 1.2 The argument structure of deverbal nouns 666
- 1.3 Argument realization in complex event nouns; the noun + object and the noun + subject configurations 671
- 2. Nominalizations of transitive and unaccusative verbs: The noun + object configuration 672
- 2.1 Distinguishing between complex event nouns and simple deverbal nouns 672
- 2.1.1 The internal argument 673
- 2.1.2 The external argument 675
- 2.1.3 Thematic adjectives 680
- 2.1.4 Aspectual modifiers 680
- 2.1.5 Localizers 681
- 2.1.6 Control by an implicit Agent 682
- 2.2 Double object verbs 683
- 2.3 Are Noun-Object structures ‘passive’? 686
- 2.4 Verbs with a clausal complement 687
- 2.5 Unaccusative verbs 689
- 3. Nominalizations of unergative verbs: The Noun + Subject configuration 691
- 4. Aspect and nominalizations 697
- 4.1 Verbal aspectual classes and eventuality aspect 697
- 4.2 Eventuality aspect in complex event nouns 699
- 4.2.1 The aspectual class of the base 699
- 4.2.2 Telicity 701
- 4.3 The aspectual properties of the supine 704
- 4.4 Pluralization and determiner selection in complex event nouns 707
- 5. Simple deverbal nouns 708
- 5.1 The readings of simple deverbal nouns 709
- 5.2 Simple event nouns (SENs) 712
- 5.3 Agent nominalizations 714
Chapter 12
Proper names 719
Mihaela Miron-Fulea, Carmen Dobrovie-Sorin & Ion Giurgea
- 1. Introduction: Definition and main syntactic properties 719
- 2. Proper names and the definite article 721
- 2.1 The forms -a and -u in anthroponyms: Endings or definite articles? 721
- 2.2 Definite common nouns used as proper names 725
- 2.3 Toponyms 726
- 3. The internal structure of DPs headed by proper names 729
- 3.1 Proper names and functional categories 729
- 3.2 Prenominal modifiers 730
- 3.3 Postnominal modifiers 732
- 3.4 Secondary predicates built with proper names 735
- 3.5 Proper names followed by definite DPs and modifiers introduced by cel 737
- 3.6 Proper names preceded by common nouns 740
- 4. Proper names used as common nouns 740
- 4.1 Derived common noun interpretations 740
- 4.2 Special uses in which the proper name interpretation is preserved 743
- 5. Proper names in predicative position 745
Chapter 13
Classifier and qualitative binominal constructions 747
Mihaela Tănase-Dogaru & Ion Giurgea (§1), Mihaela Tănase-Dogaru, Ion Giurgea & Ruxandra Vişan (§2)
- 1. The classifier construction 747
- Types of classifier constructions 747
- Unit nouns 747
- Quantitative nouns 749
- Syntactic and semantic properties 751
- Determiners 751
- S-selection. N2 as a “semantic head” 752
- Agreement 752
- Modification 754
- Dislocation of N2 755
- Syntactic analysis 757
- Lexical ambiguity 758
- Note on the preposition de 760
- Classifier constructions with abstract nouns 761
- The qualitative construction 762
- Overview 762
- Single-DP qualitatives 764
- Types of N1 764
- Agreement properties 767
- The interaction with determiners 769
- The head of the construction 770
- Double-DP qualitatives 771
Chapter 14
Appositions and juxtaposed nouns 775
Raluca Brăescu & Ion Giurgea
- Introduction 775
- Appositions 776
- Distinguishing appositions from other parenthetical constructions 776
- The equative apposition 777
- Distribution 778
- Semantic properties 781
- Case properties and the distinction between appositions and reformulations 782
- The attributive apposition 783
- Attributive appositions versus circumstantial small clauses 786
- Iterated appositions 789
- A common syntactic characterization of attributive and equative appositions 790
- Juxtaposed nouns 791
- Common Noun + Proper Noun 791
- Proper Noun + Definite DP 797
- Common Noun + Common Noun 798
Chapter 15
Vocatives 801
Blanca Croitor & Virginia Hill
- Definition 801
- Pragmatic properties 801
- Phonology 803
- Lexicon 804
- Morphology 805
- Case endings 805
- The alternation -e versus -ule for masculine singular 807
- The alternation of Case marked and unmarked vocatives 808
- Syntax: Phrase structure 811
- Modifiers of vocative nouns 811
- Adjectives 812
- Pronominal possessors and genitives 814
- Quantifiers 815
- Binominal DPs 816
- Prepositional phrases 817
- N1 de N2 818
- Relative clauses 818
- Nominalized adjectives 818
- Lexically null nouns 819
- Coordinated vocatives 819
- Syntax: The vocative in the sentence 820
- Vocatives – subjects of the imperatives? 821
- Anaphoric relations 822
- Reverse role vocatives 823
- Vocatives in exclamations 824
- Theoretical questions 825
Chapter 16
Nominal inflection 827
Ion Giurgea
- The inflection of determiners, adjectives and other functional items 828
- Gender+Number+Oblique morphemes 828
- Gender+Number morphemes 830
- Type I: Four-ending paradigm 830
- General rules concerning the Ø/-u and -i endings 831
- Type II: Three-ending paradigm, with one ending for the feminine 831
- Type III: Three-ending paradigms, with one ending for the plural 832
- Type IV: Two-ending paradigm 832
- Type V: One-ending paradigms: (a) -e or (b) no ending 833
- The inflection of nouns 833
- Stem alternations 837
- Irregular paradigms 841
- The definite declension 842
- Vocative endings 844
- The possessive inflection 846
- Endings of suffixal agreeing possessors 847
- Stem alternations in suffixal agreeing possessors 847
- Modifications of the nominal stem 847
- The augmented forms of determiners and other functional categories 848
- Paradigm samples 849
Bibliography 857
Index